… integration and modularity apply to sets of traits both within and among functionally and
phenotypically … On macroevolutionary timescales, patterns of integration and modularity within …

… genotype-phenotype map, assessing the presence of modularity is a major goal. Further,
because modules may often have a nested arrangement, the issue of whether they are …

… phenotypes may be produced in ants because the latter exhibits a high degree of modularity
and phenotypic … to the same inducing factor, mosaic phenotypes may be generated by …

… modularity serves as the basis for identifying and studying individual elements of an organism's
genotype or phenotype… Explicit discussions of modularity have often focused primarily on …

… We contrast two hypotheses about integration and modularity of these different systems. The
first is that the CW and surrounding skeletal structures are essentially independent modules…

… Covariance structure patterning of the phenotype can provide important insights into the
evolution of forms. In this paper, we characterize the sex-specific phenotypic structure of cranial …

… Integration and modularity in the evolution of sexual ornaments: an overlooked perspective.
… Inferring developmental modularity from morphological integration: analysis of individual …

… within a population (phenotypic integration), and coordination … modularity and integration
refer to the correlation in shape across evolutionary history [9,13–15]. Evolutionary modularity …

… Phenotypic matrices are much easier to measure, and G-matrix estimates … phenotypic
matrices include environmental noise, phenotypic module detection is a stricter test for modularity …

… How are modularity and integration relevant for phenotypic evolution? Having discussed
and characterized modularity and the possibility of its evolution, we now address its …