… The causative agent of COVID-19 is the novel severe acute … However, longer-lasting
COVID-19 cases started gaining … (or post-COVID syndrome or long-haul COVID-19) started …

… While the pathophysiological mechanisms of PCS have been extensively described …
into five putative subtypes, as well as their respective manifestations, pathophysiology and …

… 19 is asymptomatic or mild flu-like illness in the majority of cases [4, 5]. However, about 15%
of COVID-19 … the onset of COVID-19 or chronic COVID-19 as persistence symptoms for > 12 …

… discussing the possible pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments in long-haul COVID-19,
which the current review aims to address. In brief, long-haul COVID-19 may be driven by …

… to address the putative pathophysiology underlying the … 19”, which applied to patients
reporting symptoms at between 4 to 12 weeks following acute COVID-19, whereas “post-COVID-19 …

… of chronic microbial infection and the proposed pathogenesis of the long COVID 19 syndrome.
… Long-COVID and post-COVID health complications: an up-to-date review on clinical …

… Also, the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was significantly
higher post-COVID-19 compared with controls and displayed a significant correlation with the …

… The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE; UK) guideline for long-term
effects of COVID-19 defines the Post-COVID-19 syndrome as a set of persistent physical, …

… response, thus contributing to post-COVID-19 syndrome [56]. … can lead to the pathology of
post-COVID-19 syndrome [57,58]… ) as predictive biomarkers for post-COVID-19 syndrome [59]. …

… Overall, it is probable that several factors and mechanisms play a role in the development
of post-COVID-19 fatigue. Post-COVID-19 fatigue has been compared with myalgic …