… relevant variable costs in a predatory pricing investigation … ” for these costs are “avoidable
costs” or “incremental costs.” … with the avoidable or incremental costs associated with Northwest…

… when a firm with at least forty percent market share either: (a) priced a substantial amount
of commerce in the market blow the defendant's average avoidable cost,'" or (b) priced a …

… in business studies to predatory pricing law. This paper finds that predatory pricing is often
a … It is worth noting that prices below average avoidable costs are predatory even under a …

… a price that reflects an appropriate measure of cost that does not endanger vigorous competition
is thus a complex affair. Predatory pricing may … of an avoidable cost standard. Baumol, "…

… a cost-based analysis of predatory pricing claims.' This type of analysis relies exlusively
on a defendant's cost and pricing … "avoidable" or "incremental" costs and defined them as "the …

… se rule is better for predatory pricing cases and what the scope of predatory pricing in judicial
… it is average variable cost, average total cost, average avoidable cost or some other means …

… costs. We put forward recommendations on specific approaches to the assessment of predatory
pricing … that the cost benchmarks it will use include average avoidable cost and long run …

… squeeze test the incumbent's economies of scale and unavoidable costs should be factored
… Secondly, since the price squeeze test provides only for a necessary condition for predation …

… the traditional doctrines on predatory pricing, rebates, and tying and … cost, and average
avoidable cost, have been proposed for the purpose of determining whether prices are below cost…