… levels of proinflammatory cytokines have been associated with chronic heart failure. Following
an initial insult, the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL…

… that proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFα … heart in health and disease. Accordingly,
the intent of the present brief review will be to discuss the biology of proinflammatory cytokines, …

… cytokine hypothesis proposed that an excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines
contributes to heart failure (… , larger clinical trials targeting the cytokines in HF have failed. The …

… study indicated significantly higher proinflammatory cytokines in CHF patients compared …
of proinflammatory cytokines played in the pathogenesis of CHF. Proinflammatory cytokines are …

… In patients with chronic heart failure, ongoing myocardial … production and release of
proinflammatory cytokines, activation of … heart failure modifies the course of chronic heart failure …

… and progression of heart failure by virtue of their toxic effects on the heart and peripheral …
with heart failure, the ultimate distinction between whether the elevated level of a cytokine is a …

… -studied and most promising pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines as therapeutic
targets in heart failure, We focus on the prototypic inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (…

… that pro-inflammatory cytokines such as … heart failure. In addition, we will review recent
studies that suggest that antagonizing cytokines may represent a novel target for heart failure …

… cytokines may exert either proinflammatory or antiinflammatory effects, or both. In HF,
proinflammatory cytokines … The levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines have been marked …

… pro-inflammatory cytokines, the increased level of which in the blood of patients with chronic
heart failure (… However, it is unclear whether pro-inflammatory cytokines are the cause or the …