Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and debilitating condition of relapsing and
remitting inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Conventional therapeutic approaches for …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation with no
cure. The intestine is fundamental in controlling human health. Disruption of the microbial …

The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a diverse and complex microbiome, which interacts
in a variety of ways with the host. There is compelling evidence that gut microbial dysbiosis …

The treatment landscape for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has undergone substantial
advancements with the introduction of biologics. However, a considerable number of …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global disease with rising incidence worldwide, and
its debilitating symptoms and dissatisfactory therapies have brought heavy burdens for …

The mammalian intestinal tract harbors trillions of microorganisms confined within this space
by mucosal barriers. Despite these barriers, bacterial components may still be found …

Extracellular vesicles are nanovesicles released by many cell types into the extracellular
space. They are important mediators of intercellular communication, enabling the functional …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical, bilayered, and nanosized membrane
vesicles that are secreted from gram-negative bacteria. OMVs play a pivotal role in …

Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) have emerged as critical factors involved in gut health
regulation, transcending their traditional roles as byproducts of bacterial metabolism. These …

Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are nanoparticles derived from the membrane
components of bacteria that transport microbial derived substances. MVs are ubiquitous …