Many biological toxins are known to attack specific cell types, delivering their enzymatic
payloads to the cytosol. This process can be manipulated by molecular engineering of …

The Rho ADP-ribosylating C3 exoenzyme (C3bot) is a bacterial protein toxin devoid of a cell-
binding or-translocation domain. Nevertheless, C3 can efficiently enter intact cells, including …

The binary C2 toxin from Clostridium botulinum mono-ADP-ribosylates G-actin in the cytosol
of eukaryotic cells. This modification leads to depolymerization of actin filaments …

The influence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on ADP-ribosylation by Clostridium
botulinum C3 exoenzyme (C3) was studied. SDS increased the ADP-ribosylation of …

Clostridium botulinum exoenzyme C3 is responsible for the inactivation of members of the
Rho GTPase family that are implicated in actin-cytoskeleton reorganization. This property …

C3-like toxins ADP-ribosylate and inactivate Rho GTPases. Seven C3-like ADP-
ribosyltransferases produced by Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium limosum, Bacillus …

The C3 enzymes from Clostridium (C.) botulinum (C3bot) and Clostridium limosum (C3lim)
are single chain protein toxins of about 25 kDa that mono-ADP-ribosylate Rho-A,-B, and-C …

Clostridium botulinum produces a binary toxin, which is composed of two separate proteins.
The enzyme component, C2I, is an ADP-ribosyltransferase which modifies G-actin of …

Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin, which consists of the binding component C2II and the
enzyme component C2I, acts on eukaryotic cells by selective ADP-ribosylation of G-actin. To …

Bacterial protein toxins became valuable molecular tools for the targeted modulation of cell
functions in experimental pharmacology and attractive therapeutics because of their potent …