The assessment of treatment effects from observational studies may be biased with patients
not randomly allocated to the experimental or control group. One way to overcome this …

Randomization of treatment assignment in experiments generates treatment groups with
approximately balanced baseline covariates. However, in observational studies, where …

as a balancing score5 to “balance” the distribution of the covariates in the treated and
control groups. Matching, stratification, or regression (covariance) adjustment with the …

Background—Propensity-score matching is frequently used in the cardiology literature.
Recent systematic reviews have found that this method is, in general, poorly implemented in …

Observational studies using propensity-score methods have been increasing in the
cardiovascular literature because randomized controlled trials are not always feasible or …

Propensity scores (PS) are an increasingly popular method to adjust for confounding in
observational studies. Propensity score methods have theoretical advantages over …

Background In intervention trials, only randomization guarantees equal distributions of all
known and unknown patient characteristics between an intervention group and a control …

The propensity score is a balancing score: conditional on the propensity score, treated and
untreated subjects have the same distribution of observed baseline characteristics. Four …

Background Nonexperimental studies are increasingly used to investigate the safety and
effectiveness of medical products as they are used in routine care. One of the primary …

Propensity‐score methods are increasingly being used to reduce the impact of treatment‐
selection bias in the estimation of treatment effects using observational data. Commonly …