Drug transporters are recognized widely for their role in clinical pharmacokinetics and drug–
drug interactions (DDIs). This has provided impetus to the inclusion of transporter substrate …

Over the last 5 years the quantification of transporter-protein absolute abundances has
dramatically increased in parallel to the expanded use of in vitro–in vivo extrapolation …

Caco-2 screens are routinely used in laboratories to measure the permeability of
compounds and can identify substrates of efflux transporters. In this study, we hypothesized …

Transporter proteins are known to play a critical role in affecting the overall absorption,
distribution, metabolism, and excretion characteristics of drug candidates. In addition to …

Improving drug translation is becoming a top priority as research and development costs
keep increasing. It typically takes 10–20 years and a couple of billion dollars to bring a new …

Concepts in risk assessment practice are expressed in terms of external exposure, while
internal exposure determines whether toxic effects will occur. Often only a fraction of the …

Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) involving drug-metabolizing enzymes and membrane
transporters can lead to alteration in substrate drug (victim) exposure, and can influence the …

This paper describes the applicability of in vitro digestion models as a tool for consumer
products in (ad hoc) risk assessment. In current risk assessment, oral bioavailability from a …

Previous in vitro and clinical research have indicated that a wide variety of drug transporters
as well as metabolic enzymes dominate the pharmacokinetics of drugs and that some drugs …

In-vitro oral bioaccessibility tests do remain alluring as viable tools for fast assessment of
potential human exposure to environmental contaminants to comply with the ethical …