Bone defects are due to trauma, infections, tumors, or aging, including bone fractures, 25
bone metastases, osteoporosis, or osteoarthritis. The global burden of these demands 26 …

The healing of bone fractures is a well-known physiological process involving various cell
types and signaling molecules interacting at the defect site to repair lost bone tissue …

BACKGROUND: 3D bioprinting is one of 3D printing technologies. Its characteristics are to
plant biological materials or living cells in specific location to construct tissues and organs …

Currently available bone grafts are insufficient to address the demand and lack tissue
complexity to mimic the native bone tissue microenvironment. Bone tissue is highly vascular …

Clinically, the treatment of bone defects remains a significant challenge, as it requires
autogenous bone grafts or bone graft substitutes. However, the existing biomaterials often …

Abstract Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine fields of life science and
engineering strive to address medical challenges to human flourishing. Innovative research …

Background The shortage of available organs for transplantation is the major obstacle
hindering the application of regenerative medicine, and has also become the desperate …

Hard tissues and organs, including the bones, teeth and cartilage, are the most extensively
exploited and rapidly developed areas in regenerative medicine field. One prominent …

Bone is a vital tissue of the body and a key component of the musculoskeletal system, which
routinely overcomes insult and degeneration through its highly regenerative capabilities …

Abstract 3D printing, as a driving force of innovation over many areas, brings numerous
manufacturing methods together from the macro to nano scales. New revolutionary materials …