Abstract 3D printing, as a driving force of innovation over many areas, brings numerous
manufacturing methods together from the macro to nano scales. New revolutionary materials …

The development of programmable functional biomaterials makes 4D printing add a new
dimension, time (t), based on 3D structures (x, y, z), therefore, 4D printed constructs could …

The repair of critical-size bone defect remains a challenge for orthopedic surgeons. With the
advent of an aging society and their accompanying chronic diseases, it is becoming more …

The advent of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has enabled impressive progress in the
development of 3D cellular constructs to mimic the structural and functional characteristics of …

Hope is that tissue engineering will provide a solution to meet the growing needs for bone
substitutes. Among the potential solutions, three-dimensional (3D) printing is a promising …

In the era of personalised medicine, novel therapeutic approaches raise increasing hopes to
address currently unmet medical needs by developing patient-customised treatments. Three …

Abstract Four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting, in which the concept of time is integrated with
three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting as the fourth dimension, has currently emerged as the …

ABSTRACT Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is an emerging manufacturing technology
that layers living cells and biocompatible natural or synthetic materials to build complex …

Reconstruction of bony defects is challenging when conventional grafting methods are used
because of their intrinsic limitations (biological cost and/or biological properties). Bone …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting aims to construct complex personalized living
tissues mimicking the native tissues. This chapter presents the current advances in 3D …