Three dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a rapidly developing and emerging field in medicine
and engineering. It allows for the production of three-dimensional structures that mimic body …

Surgery to repair damaged tissue, which is caused by disease or trauma, is being carried
out all the time, and a desirable treatment is compelling need to regenerate damaged …

To date, organ transplantation remains an effective method for treating end-stage diseases
of various organs. In recent years, despite the continuous development of organ …

Despite its complexity, the human body is composed of only four basic tissue types, namely
epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Notably, each tissue is an assemblage …

Treating large bone defects, known as critical-sized defects (CSDs), is challenging because
they are not spontaneously healed by the patient's body. Due to the limitations associated …

Trauma and bone loss from infections, tumors, and congenital diseases make bone repair
and regeneration the greatest challenges in orthopedic, craniofacial, and plastic surgeries …

Abstract 3D printing (3DP) processes have evolved from simple prototyping for visual
inspection purposes to functional product manufacturing that offers flexibility, customization …

Bone and articular cartilage degeneration and damage are the most common causes of
musculoskeletal disability. 3D bioprinting can help regenerate these structures …

Cell-based direct biofabrication and 3D bioprinting is becoming a dominant technological
platform and is suggested as a new paradigm for twenty-first century tissue engineering …

The bottom-up approach of 3D bioprinting uses biopolymeric bioink along with the defined
cells and allows to engineer 3D tissues/organs. The process is multistep, comprising …