The most commonly used chemical mixtures risk assessment methods involve simple
notions of additivity and toxicological similarity. Newer methods are emerging in response to …

Humans are typically exposed to low doses of combinations of chemicals rather than to one
or two chemicals at a time, yet most of the available toxicity data provide information on …

Evaluation of potential human health hazards from exposure to chemical mixtures in the
environment presents one of the most difficult challenges for risk assessment as well as for …

We describe a set of criteria to evaluate the quality of data and interpretations in chemical
interaction studies. These criteria reflect the consensus of the literature on interaction …

Some of the most challenging problems that toxicologists confront are determining how
biological effects of components in a complex mixture may interact, determining how these …

This paper summarizes current challenges, the potential use of novel scientific
methodologies, and ways forward in the risk assessment and risk management of mixtures …

Health risk assessment is the practice of evaluating the degree of danger associated with
chemical exposure, whether the exposure is intentional (pharmacologic agents, pesticides) …

It is inevitable that in a lifetime humans will be exposed to a diverse array of chemical
mixtures through occupational, recreational, and/or domestic activities. These mixtures may …

A major objective of combination toxicology is to establish whether a mixture of chemicals
will result in an effect similar to that expected on the basis of additivity. This requires …

Humans are exposed to mixtures of chemicals, rather than to individual chemicals. From a
public health point of view, it is most relevant to answer the question of whether or not the …