1. With the possible exception of inarticulate brachiopods, members of the oligomera
(brachiopods, ectoprocts, phoronids, hemichordates, echinoderms) do not reacquire a …

Many marine invertebrates have elaborate feeding larval forms whereas others, sometimes
within the same taxon, have more. direct development. This contrast in development raises …

Egg sizes of free-spawning invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and reptiles can reflect an
evolutionary compromise between offspring size and number. One explanation for this …

Larvae of two species of sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and S. purpuratus)
differ in initial form and in the rate of development. To determine whether these differences …

This chapter examines the origin and diversification of metazoan larvae and developmental
modes. It discusses the major features of larval evolution, and considers their developmental …

The exchange between Underwood (1974) and Vance (1974) failed to clarify the
relationship between egg size and development time in benthic invertebrates because these …

Many benthic marine invertebrates develop by means of free-living, dispersive larval stages.
The presumed advantages of such larvae include the avoidance of competition for …

Modes of larval development play important roles in the ecology, biogeography, and
evolution of marine benthic organisms. Studies of the larval ecology of fossil organisms can …

Fecundity-time models of reproductive strategies in marine invertebrates all predict that
reproductive success is maximized only at the extreme levels of investment. Selection …

Marine invertebrate larvae are well known for their distinctive body shapes and elaborate
patterns of ciliation. In this study I take a physically based approach to investigate the …