The innate immune system is evolutionarily conserved among all multicellular organisms
and is the first line of defense against microorganisms. It enables the host not only to combat …

Sepsis is known since the time (470 BC) of great Greek physician, Hippocrates.
Advancement in modern medicine and establishment of separate branches of medical …

Immune responses to pathogens are complex and not well understood in many diseases,
and this is especially true for infections by persistent pathogens. One mechanism that allows …

Macrophages, cells belonging to the innate immune system, present a high plasticity grade,
being able to change their phenotype in response to environmental stimuli. They play …

Inflammation is triggered when innate immune cells detect infection or tissue injury.
Surveillance mechanisms involve pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the cell surface …

The interacting cellular and molecular systems which we classify as immunity and
inflammation evolved to protect the organism from exogenous parasites including viruses …

Innate immunity is an ancient form of host defence that is activated rapidly to enable, through
a multiplicity of effector mechanisms, defence against a broad spectrum of microbial threats …

Macrophages play a key role in defending against foreign pathogens, healing wounds, and
regulating tissue homeostasis. Driving this versatility is their phenotypic plasticity, which …

Highlights•Macrophage activation is best described by a multi-dimensional model.•Targeting
macrophages specifically requires a multi-modal approach.•Macrophage reprogramming …

Siloed or singular system approach to disease management is common practice,
developing out of traditional medical school education. Textbooks of medicine describe a …