This study suggests 2 approaches to factorial invariance testing with multilevel data when
the groups are at the within level: multilevel factor mixture model for known classes (ML …

This study examined whether cutoffs in fit indices suggested for traditional formats with
maximum likelihood estimators can be utilized to assess model fit and to test measurement …

Fit indices are descriptive measures that can help evaluate how well a confirmatory factor
analysis (CFA) model fits a researcher's data. In multigroup models, before between-group …

When comparing relations and means of latent variables, it is important to establish
measurement invariance (MI). Most methods to assess MI are based on confirmatory factor …

In many applied situations, the questionnaire items in measurement instruments do not
approximate continuous, normally distributed variables but instead are ordinal. Properties of …

A Monte Carlo simulation study was conducted to evaluate the sensitivities of the likelihood
ratio test and five commonly used delta goodness-of-fit (ΔGOF) indices (ie, ΔGamma …

Measurement invariance testing has become an integral part of the methodological
repertoire in psychological assessment. Whenever researchers attempt to compare scales …

Confirmatory factor analytic tests of measurement invariance (MI) based on the chi-square
statistic are known to be highly sensitive to sample size. For this reason, GW Cheung and …

Measurement invariance (MI) has been developed in a very technical language and manner
that is generally not widely accessible to social and behavioral researchers and applied …

Abstract Model fit assessment is a central component of evaluating confirmatory factor
analysis models and the validity of psychological assessments. Fit indices remain popular …