Macrophages and dendritic cells are in the front line of host defense. When they sense host
invasion, they produce cytokines that alert other innate immune cells and also abet the …

Toll‐like receptors (TLR s) sense structural patterns in microbial molecules and initiate
immune defense mechanisms. The structures of many extracellular and intracellular …

The innate immune system senses invading microorganisms by a phylogenetically
conserved family of proteins–TLRs. They are expressed in several types of cells that …

Detection of and response to microbial infections by the immune system depends largely on
a family of pattern-recognition receptors called Toll-like receptors (TLRs). These receptors …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of effective innate immunity. As such,
pathogenic microorganisms must evade recognition by TLRs, manipulate the consequences …

The innate immune system is essential for host defense and is responsible for early
detection of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Upon recognition of microbes by innate …

One of the mechanisms by which the innate immune system senses the invasion of
pathogenic microorganisms is through the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been identified as a major class of pattern-recognition
receptors. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by TLRs, alone …

The innate immune system is the primary line of defence against invading pathogenic
microbes. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are a family of membrane receptors which play a pivotal …

Toll-like receptors have a crucial role in the detection of microbial infection in mammals and
insects. In mammals, these receptors have evolved to recognize conserved products unique …