Questions of how altered functioning of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis
contribute to the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) …

This chapter discussed how neuroendocrine findings in posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) potentially inform hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) alterations in PTSD and …

Neuroendocrine studies examining the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis under
baseline conditions and in response to neuroendocrine challenges have supported the …

Studies examining the biopsychology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have
suggested that PTSD is characterized by alterations of the primary stress pathways: the …

The majority of studies of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) demonstrate alterations
consistent with an enhanced negative feedback inhibition of cortisol on the pituitary and an …

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is typically accompanied by acute and chronic
alterations in the stress response. These alterations have mostly been described in …

Preclinical studies show that animals with a history of chronic stress exposure have
increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity following reexposure to …

Background: Cortisol secretions serve as the barometer of the hypothalamic–pituitary–
adrenal (HPA) axis, which regulates and controls responses to stress. Studies of cortisol …

Dysregulation of the stress system, including the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis
and the locus caeruleus/norepinephrine–sympathetic nervous system (SNS), is involved in …

Most biological findings in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are compatible with those of
the chronic stress response, such as increased corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) …