Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and neuroendocrine hormonal systems help regulate
cardio‐vascular and renal function. Any change in the balance among these systems may …

The pathogenesis of arterial hypertension often involves a rise in systemic vascular
resistance (vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling) and impairment of salt excretion in …

The kallikrein–kinin system (KKS) is proposed to act as a counter regulatory system against
the vasopressor hormonal systems such as the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) …

Hypertension is characterized by an imbalance between the renin–angiotensin system
(RAS) and the kallikrein–kinin system (KKS). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors …

Renal kallikrein is one of the tissue kallikreins, and the distal nephron is fully equipped as an
element of the kallikrein-kinin system. Although a low excretion of urinary kallikrein has been …

The kallikrein-kininogen-kinin system is an important vasodilator and vasodepressor
component of the cardiovascular system. Acting mainly through B2 receptors, kinins may …

We evaluated the blood pressure response to chronic salt loading in a rat strain inbred for
low urinary kallikrein excretion. Low-kallikrein rats showed greater systolic blood pressure …

The kallikrein-kinin system is an endogenous metabolic cascade, triggering of which results
in the release of vasoactive kinins (bradykinin-related peptides). This complex system …

Bradykinin and Lys-bradykinin are potent peptide mediators implicated in several
physiopathological effects in mammals. They act through activation of G-protein-coupled …

Kinins can affect many aspects of cellular function, but their roles in human homeostatic
mechanisms and disease are just beginning to be understood. In this brief review, some of …