The kallikrein‐kinin system (KKS) is a complex system produced in various organs. This
system includes kininogen (precursor for kinin), kallikreins, and pharmacologically active …

All the components of the kallikrein–kinin system are located in the cardiac muscle, and its
deficiency may lead to cardiac dysfunction. In recent years, numerous observations obtained …

The kallikrein-kinin system is complex, with several bioactive peptides that are formed in
many different compartments. Kinin peptides are implicated in many physiological and …

The kinin peptide system in humans is complex. Whereas plasma kallikrein generates
bradykinin peptides, glandular kallikrein generates kallidin peptides. Moreover, a proportion …

Tissue kallikrein, a serine proteinase, produces the potent vasodilator kinin peptide from
kininogen substrate. The levels of tissue kallikrein are reduced in humans and animal …

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and the kallikrein–kinin system (KKS) each
encompasses a large number of molecules, with several participating in both systems. The …

The spectrum of cellular, or whole animal responses to kinins has expanded enormously in
the last five years. The molecular basis for these consequences of kinin-kinin receptor …

In 1909, Abelous and Bardier described a blood-pressure-lowering substance in human
urine [1], a finding that was confirmed by Frey in 1926 [2]. Kraut, Frey, and Werle believed …

It has recently been proposed that sequence variation in the gene coding for tissue kallikrein
might be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. However, molecular evidence of an …

Kinins are synthesized from their precursors by different enzymes and participate in the
regulation of cardiovascular function through bradykinin (BK) B1 and B2 receptors. They …