Context: Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune disease characterized by orbital
inflammation and tissue remodeling. TED pathogenesis is poorly understood but is linked to …

Despite recent advances in the treatment of thyroid eye disease (TED), significant gaps
remain in our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms, particularly …

Thyroid eye disease (TED) is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of autoimmune
Graves' hyperthyroidism. TED is a debilitating and potentially blinding disease with unclear …

Graves' disease (GD) is a common autoimmune condition. At its core, stimulatory
autoantibodies are directed at the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), resulting in …

Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease caused in part by thyroid-stimulating
antibodies (TSAbs) that activate the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). In Graves' …

Graves disease represents a systemic autoimmune process targeting the thyroid, orbit, and
pretibial skin. The thyroid dysfunction is treatable, but no consistently effective medical …

Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune orbital inflammatory disease which ranges
from mild to severe. Tissue remodeling, fibrosis and fat proliferation cause changes in the …

Purpose: Thyroid eye disease (TED) is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of
Graves disease. Patients may be severely affected with eyelid retraction, exophthalmos …

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a vexing and poorly understood autoimmune
process involving the upper face and tissues surrounding the eyes. In TAO, the orbit can …

Orbital changes in thyroid orbitopathy (TO) result from de novo adipogenesis, hyaluronan
synthesis, interstitial oedema and enlargement of extraocular muscles. Cellular immunity …