The classic model of GPCR activation proposed that all agonists induce the same active
receptor conformation. However, research over the last decade has shown that GPCRs exist …

Opiate drugs mediate their analgesic, euphoriant, and rewarding effects by activating opioid
receptors. Pharmacological and molecular studies have demonstrated the existence of three …

Opioid receptors belong to the super family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are
the targets of numerous opioid analgesic drugs. Prolonged use of these drugs results in a …

Opiate drugs produce their effects by acting upon G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and
although they are among the most effective analgesics available, their clinical use is …

The efficiency of μ‐opioid receptor signalling is tightly regulated and ultimately limited by the
coordinated phosphorylation of intracellular serine and threonine residues. Here, we review …

Opioids activate GPCRs to produce powerful analgesic actions but at the same time induce
side effects and generate tolerance, which restrict their clinical use. Reducing this undesired …

The analgesic and antidiarrhoeal uses of opium were known to the Sumerians and
predynastic Egyptians. During 5000 years of medicinal use, opium has become associated …

Recent developments in the study of the structure and function of opioid receptors raise
significant challenges for the definition of individual receptor types and the development of a …

Opioids, such as morphine, are the most clinically useful class of analgesic drugs for the
treatment of acute and chronic pain. However, the use of opioids is greatly limited by the …

GPCR s can interact with each other to form homomers or heteromers. Homomers involve
interactions with the same receptor type while heteromers involve interactions between two …