The relationships that offspring develop with caregivers can exert a powerful influence on
behavior and physiology, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In many …

Variation in the early postnatal social environment can have lasting effects on hypothalamic–
pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis stress responses. Both rats and macaque monkeys subjected …

Psychosocial stressors activate two distinct stress–response systems, a central, behavioral
response, and a peripheral, endocrine response. Both behavioral and endocrine responses …

Variable environmental and social conditions influence hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal
activity in captive animals. Socially separated and individually housed animals generally …

Pair-bonded relationships form during periods of close spatial proximity and high
sociosexual contact. Like other monogamous species, marmosets form new social pairs …

While separation from significant social partners produces a host of neurobiological and
behavioral perturbations, including behavioral distress and increased glucocorticoid …

Social buffering, a subset of social support, is the process through which the availability of a
conspecific reduces the activity of stress-mediating neurobiological systems. While its role in …

In mammalian and avian species, it is essential that the young maintain at least periodic
contact with their mother in order to obtain nurturance and warmth. This contact is ensured …

Social buffering, which is the attenuation of stress hormone release by a social partner,
occurs in many species throughout the lifespan. Social buffering of the infant by the …

Maternal separation (MS), which can lead to hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis dysfunction
and behavioral abnormalities in rhesus monkeys, is frequently used to model early …