Arterial chemoreceptors play a vital role in cardiorespiratory control by providing the brain
with information regarding blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH. The main chemoreceptor …

Selected topics in the respiratory response to acute hypoxia in the fetus and newborn are
reviewed. Peripheral chemoreceptors acting through ionotrophic glutamate receptors play …

Breathing responds to changes in CO 2 and O 2 detected by respiratory chemoreceptors. In
this paper I examine the methodologies for a quantitative assessment of the respiratory …

Recurrent apnea with chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is a major clinical problem in adult
humans and infants born preterm. Patients with recurrent apnea exhibit heightened …

Ventilatory responses to hypoxia vary widely depending on the pattern and length of hypoxic
exposure. Acute, prolonged, or intermittent hypoxic episodes can increase or decrease …

An urge to breathe is perceived during breath hold and hypercapnis (termed 'air hunger')
and during heavy exercise (often termed 'shortness of breath'). To better understand the …

Carotid bodies are the principal peripheral chemoreceptors for detecting changes in arterial
blood oxygen levels, and the resulting chemoreflex is a potent regulator of blood pressure …

Apnoea and periodic breathing are the hallmarks of breathing for the infant who is born
prematurely. Sustained respiration is obtained through modulation of respiratory-related …

State-dependent changes in breathing are caused by nonrespiratory (tonic) inputs to the
brainstem systems that control ventilation. In wakefulness, tonic excitatory inputs include …

Central chemoreception is active early in development and likely drives fetal breathing
movements, which are influenced by a combination of behavioral state and powerful …