Background—Inflammatory immune activation commonly occurs in heart failure and may
perpetuate this syndrome. We sought to determine whether the immunomodulating agent …

Patients with severe heart failure have plasma cytokine concentrations that are more than
twofold greater than those in patients with moderate heart failure. Although pentoxifylline, an …

Introduction: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) are significantly
elevated in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Pentoxifylline, a xanthin‐derived …

Background There is accumulating evidence that inflammatory cytokines have an important
role in the pathogenesis of heart failure. Plasma concentrations of tumour necrosis factor α …

Although an autoimmune mechanism has been postulated for myocarditis and dilated
cardiomyopathy, immunosuppressive agents had not been shown to be effective. Potential …

Immunomodulatory Effect of Pentoxifylline in Suppressing Experimental Autoimmune
Myocarditis Page 1 iologically active molecules are important in the pathogenesis of heart …

Background Congestive heart failure (CHF) is characterized by enhanced immune
activation, which possibly plays a pathogenic role in this disorder. We therefore examined …

The progressive syndrome of chronic heart failure (CHF) represents a common disease
pathway that may be derived from a host of varying insults (including myocardial ischaemia …

Both experimental and clinical studies have shown a role for inflammation in the
pathogenesis of heart failure. This seems related to an imbalance between pro-inflammatory …

Background—Congestive heart failure (CHF) is characterized by enhanced immune
activation, and immune-mediated mechanisms may play a pathogenic role in this disorder …