Epidemiologic studies indicate that children exposed to early adverse experiences are at
increased risk for the development of depression, anxiety disorders, or both. Persistent …

There is considerable evidence to suggest that adverse early-life experiences have a
profound effect on the developing brain. Neurobiological changes that occur in response to …

Recent studies have focused on the behavioral and neurobiological sequella of exposure to
early adverse events. We hypothesize that early adverse experiences result in an increased …

The relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the development of the
major psychiatric disorders has long been debated. Recently, considerable attention has …

A large and growing literature suggests that traumatic experiences early in life increase the
risk of mood and anxiety disorders in genetically predisposed persons. Findings from …

In the search for the underlying biological causes of psychiatric disorders, primary roles for
both genetics and environment have been clearly established. A family history of mood or …

A burgeoning number of clinical studies have evaluated the immediate and long-term
neurobiological effects of early developmental stress, eg, child abuse and neglect or …

Child abuse is associated with markedly elevated rates of major depression and other
psychiatric disorders in adulthood. This article reviews preclinical studies examining the …

Vulnerability to emotional disorders including depression derives from interactions between
genes and environment, especially during sensitive developmental periods. Adverse early …

Childhood trauma is a potent risk factor for developing depression in adulthood, particularly
in response to additional stress. We here summarize results from a series of clinical studies …