Methods 3D surface images were obtained from 21 twin pairs (10 monozygotic, 11 same-
sex dizygotic). Thirteen 3D landmarks were collected from each facial surface and their …

Structured Abstract Objectives Three‐dimensional analysis of facial shape and symmetry in
twins. Setting and Sample Population Faces of 37 twin pairs [19 monozygotic (MZ) and 18 …

Observed variation in facial morphology results from the influences of both genetic and
environmental factors. To investigate the role of genetic influences on variation in facial …

The purpose of this prospective study was to help distinguish the relative contributions of
heredity and environment to the external facial features and to assess the relative strength of …

Historically, craniofacial genetic research has understandably focused on identifying the
causes of craniofacial anomalies and it has only been within the last 10 years, that there has …

Twins studies provide a powerful approach to determining the relative contribution of
genetics and environment to observed variation. Such studies assume trait differences in …

Abstract 3D analysis of facial morphology has delineated facial phenotypes in many medical
conditions and detected fine grained differences between typical and atypical patients to …

Introduction: The human face is a complex trait displaying a strong genetic component as
illustrated by various studies on facial heritability. Most of these start from sparse …

Introduction Facial phenotype is influenced by genes and environment; however, little is
known about their relative contributions to normal facial morphology. The aim of this study …

Facial asymmetries are commonly used as a proxy for human developmental imprecision
resulting from inbreeding, and thus reduced genetic heterozygosity. Several environmental …