Innate immunity is the first-line host defense of multicellular organisms that rapidly operates
to limit infection upon exposure to infectious agents. In addition, the cells and molecules …

Innate immunity is the first-line host defense of multicellular organisms that rapidly operates
to limit infection upon exposure to microbes. It involves intracellular signaling pathways in …

The Toll family of proteins is central to Drosophila host defense against microbial infection.
Maintained throughout evolution, mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are proteins that …

Toll receptor proteins in Drosophila are involved in establishing the dorsal-ventral axis in
embryogenesis as well as participating in the innate immune response to invading …

The Toll signaling pathway, which is required for the establishment of the dorsal–ventral axis
in Drosophila embryos, plays an important role in the response of larval and adult …

Beginning in 1997 with the identification of the first human homologue of the Drosophila
protein Toll, a family of related molecules have been identified in both humans and other …

The Toll receptor was initially identified in Drosophila melanogaster for its role in embryonic
development. Subsequently, D. melanogaster Toll and mammalian Toll-like receptors …

The discovery of Toll in Drosophila and of the remarkable conservation in pathway
composition and organization catalyzed a transformation in our understanding of innate …

Toll receptors are type I transmembrane proteins that play important roles in development
and immunity in animals. Comparison of the genomes of mouse and human on one side …

In 1997, a human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein was described, a protein later to
be designated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Since that time, additional human and murine …