The world is facing a viral pandemic of a new coronavirus called COVID‐19. Pentoxifylline is
a methyl‐xanthine derivative and it inhibits the phosphodiesterase IV (PDE IV). This drug is …

In December 2019, a new coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged from China, causing pneumonia outbreaks first in …

The existing pandemic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leads to coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). SARS …

COVID-19 pandemic presents an unprecedented challenge to identify effective drugs for
treatment. Despite multiple clinical trials using different agents, there is still a lack of specific …

Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that increases cyclic adenosine
monophosphate levels, which in turn activate protein kinase, leading to a reduction in the …

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes
pulmonary injury or multiple-organ injury by various pathological pathways. Transforming …

Pirfenidone (PFD) is a non-peptide synthetic chemical that inhibits the production of
transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), platelet …

Abstract Novel Corona-virus Disease 2019 (nCOVID 19) is caused by a novel virulent
corona virus and leads to potentially fatal virulent pneumonia and severe respiratory distress …

Vinpocetine (VPN) is an alkaloid derivative of vincamine inhibits phosphodiesterase type 1
that increase cyclic guanosine monophosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. VPN …

Aim SARS-CoV-2 infection has been divided by scientific opinion into three phases: the first
as asymptomatic or slightly symptomatic and the second and the third with greater severity …