Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be the leading cause of death worldwide. The
effect of estrogen on these diseases has been assessed in in vitro and in vivo models, as …

Estrogen exerts pleiotropic functions on the cardiovascular system through binding to
estrogen receptors (ERs). Traditionally, ERs have been recognized as transcription factors …

This brief review summarizes the current state of the field for estrogen receptor actions in the
cardiovascular system and the cardiovascular effects of hormone replacement therapy …

The conflicting implications of the large-scale clinical menopausal hormone therapy trials in
humans versus the findings of experimental animal studies underscore the limitations within …

Although pre-menopausal women enjoy relative cardiovascular protection, hormone
(oestrogen±progestin)-replacement therapy has not shown cardiovascular benefits in post …

In modern society, cardiovascular disease remains the biggest single threat to life, being
responsible for approximately one third of worldwide deaths. Male prevalence is significantly …

I. Introduction F EMALE hormones are broadly recognized as affecting susceptibility to
vascular disease, yet comparatively little is known about the cellular mechanisms by which …

There is substantial interest in the effects of estrogen on the vascular wall, due to the marked
gender difference in the incidence of clinically apparent coronary heart disease (CHD) …

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism for the dual effects of estrogen on vascular
smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). METHODS: Cultured rat VSMCs were exposed to gradient …

Estrogens, like other steroid hormones, are potent actors in the cardiovascular system. Since
half the population have high levels of estrogen most of their lives it is plain that estrogen …