Traditional models of oxidative stress predict accumulation of damage caused by reactive
oxygen species (ROS) production as highly correlated with aerobic metabolism, a prediction …

Assessment of costs accompanying activation of immune system and related
neuroendocrine pathways is essential for understanding the selective forces operating on …

Metals can cause oxidative stress by increasing the formation of reactive oxygen species
(ROS), which render antioxidants incapable of defence against growing amounts of free …

Background Normal and pathological processes entail the production of oxidative
substances that can damage biological molecules and harm physiological functions …

Antioxidants protect against free radical damage, which is associated with various age-
related pathologies. Antioxidants are also an important buffer against the respiratory burst of …

Life-history traits are often involved in trade-offs whose outcome would depend on the
availability of resources but also on the state of specific molecular signals. Early conditions …

Understanding the physiological processes underlying the long-term effects of early life
environmental conditions on Darwinian fitness is of central importance to evolutionary …

Maintenance and activation of the immune system incur costs, not only in terms of substrates
and energy but also via collateral oxidative damage to host cells or tissues during immune …

The immune system provides vital protection against pathogens, but extensive evidence
suggests that mounting immune responses can entail survival and fecundity costs. The …

The interest shown by ecologists in antioxidants and oxidative stress as potential modulators
of life‐history trade‐offs has expanded greatly in recent years. However, we still know very …