Aims: Increasing evidences confirm the role of immune activation in the pathogenesis of
chronic heart failure (CHF). Regulatory T cells appear central to the control of immune …

Recently, the theory that hyperinflammation is the body's primary response to potent
stimulus has been challenged. Indeed, a deregulation of the immune system could be the …

Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Studies in animal models
and individuals with HF revealed a prominent role for CD4+ T cell immune responses in the …

The heart contains various types of cells, including cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts,
many kinds of immune cells and vascular cells. Initial studies mainly focused on …

Objective: Increasing evidence supports a role for inflammation in chronic heart failure
(CHF). However, the source and the mechanism for this immune activation are unknown. To …

Despite the advances that have been made in developing new therapeutics, cardiovascular
disease remains the leading cause of worldwide mortality. Therefore, understanding the …

Monocytes play an important role in immune defence, inflammation, and tissue remodelling.
Nevertheless, the role of monocytes in cardiovascular disease is obscure. Indeed …

Introduction The immune system plays a crucial role in the initiation, development, and
resolution of inflammation following myocardial infarction (MI). The lack of oxygen and …

Heart failure is a global problem with high hospitalization and mortality rates. Inflammation
and immune dysfunction are involved in this disease. Owing to their unique function …

Improvements in early interventions after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), notably, the
increased use of timely reperfusion therapy, have increased survival dramatically in recent …