The efficacy of opioids in chronic pain treatment is limited because of the development of
opioid tolerance. We investigated the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor …

Epidural opioids have been reported to provide superior analgesia in acute pain
management. Despite the fact that the required doses are low, major side effects such as …

Introduction: Chronic neuropathic pain (NP) is an incapacitating illness caused by a lesion of
the somatosensory nervous system and is associated with several diseases or syndromes …

Materials and Methods: We quantified the pharmacological profile of Nk and K in an in vitro
model of xenopus laevis frog recombinantly expressing human NMDAR. In vivo protocols …

OBJECTIVE: Ketamine and mag-nesium, both N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor
antagonists, enhance the antinociceptive effects of opioid analgesics in different animal …

The analgesic effect of ketamine is primarily based on the antagonism of the N-methyl-d-
aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Activation of NMDA receptors may play a crucial role in the …

Intrathecal (it) injection of histamine elicited a significant hyperalgesic response as assayed
by the tail-flick test. This hyperalgesic effect peaked at 15 min following it administration of …

Importance of the field: Worldwide the number of patients affected by chronic pain is growing
and conventional treatment is often insufficient. Recently the importance of the N-methyl-d …

Both opioid and NMDA receptors have been known to be involved in pain processing in the
central nervous system as well as in the periphery. The effect of drugs acting on opioid and …