Chronic inflammation is believed to be a major, if not the major, pathogenic factor in human
atherosclerosis1, 2). Both innate and adaptive responses have been proposed to play a role …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of death in the United States and
worldwide. The most common cause of cardiovascular disease is atherosclerosis, or …

Atherosclerosis is a disease characterized by chronic inflammation. Looking back it is almost
embarrassing how long it took for us to realize that the presence of these innate immune …

Immune responses against oxidized forms of LDL play a critical role in activation and
regulation of the inflammatory process that characterizes all stages of atherosclerosis. In …

Atherosclerotic vasculopathy is a multifactorial process causing vessels damage and
cardiovascular diseases, the leading causes of death worldwide. Atherosclerotic plaque is …

Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of cardiovascular disease, is characterized by chronic
inflammation and altered immune response. Cholesterol is a well‐known risk factor …

Atherosclerosis can be considered a chronic inflamma-tory condition of the vessel wall. Fatty
streaks, the earliest morphological lesions of atherosclerosis, are caused by lipids (primarily …

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease, and the involvement of immune mechanisms in
disease progression is increasingly recognized. Immunization with oxidized low density …

The oxidation hypothesis of atherosclerosis suggests that oxidative modification of low-
density lipoprotein (LDL) is a prerequisite for LDL atherogenicity. Recent studies …

Immunologic research into pathogenic mechanisms operating in autoimmune-mediated
atherosclerosis initially focused on adaptive immunity. Current interest is directed to more …