Elite athletic competitions have separate male and female events due to men's physical
advantages in strength, speed, and endurance so that a protected female category with …

Objective The purpose of this narrative review was to summarize available data on
testosterone levels in normal, healthy adult males and females, to provide a physiologic …

Testosterone is one of the most potent naturally secreted androgenicanabolic hormones,
and its biological effects include promotion of muscle growth. In muscle, testosterone …

Emerging evidence indicates that testosterone, which can increase muscle mass and
strength, stimulates erythropoiesis, promotes competitive behaviour, and enhances the …

Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because of fundamental sex
differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by sex chromosomes and sex hormones …

Objective: Prior to the implementation of the blood steroidal module of the Athlete Biological
Passport, we measured the serum androgen levels among a large population of high-level …

In spite of the widespread abuse of androgenic steroids by athletes and recreational body-
builders, the effects of these agents on athletic performance and physical function remain …

Testosterone and other anabolic–androgenic steroids enhance athletic performance in men
and women. As a result, exogenous androgen is banned from most competitive sports …

Androgens are known to have a role in the body fat, muscle size, muscle performance and
physical function differences seen between hypogonadal and eugonadal men. The results …

Men generally have an inherent performance advantage over women due to their average
greater height and muscle mass and power, as the result of correspondingly different …