Background Astaxanthin (ATX) is a carotenoid pigment with pleiotropic pharmacological
properties that is seen as a possible drug for treating cerebral ischemic injury and …

Background Astaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment that possesses potent antioxidative, anti-
inflammatory, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities. Previous studies have …

Background: Astaxanthin (ATX) is a carotenoid pigment with effective antioxidant, anti-
inflammatory, antitumor and immunomodulatory actions. ATX has been proposed to exert …

Apoptosis has been proven to play a crucial role in early brain injury pathogenesis and to
represent a target for the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Previously, we …

Background and Purpose Oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis play key roles in
traumatic brain injury. We investigated the protective effects of astaxanthin against traumatic …

Neurological diseases, which consist of acute injuries and chronic neurodegeneration, are
the leading causes of human death and disability. However, the pathophysiology of these …

Oxidative stress (OS) mediated the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Astaxanthin
(ATX) has been reported to exert antioxidant activities as well as neuroprotective effects in …

Spinal cord edema is a quick-onset phenomenon with long-term effects. This complication is
associated with inflammatory responses, as well as poor motor function. No effective …

Background Neuroinflammation has been proven to play a crucial role in early brain injury
pathogenesis and represents a target for treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) …

Inflammation plays a key role in the progression of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Here,
we examined the effects of astaxanthin (ATX) on the inflammatory response and secondary …