Schwenk et al.(2009) provided an overview of five major challenges in organismal
biology:(1) understanding the organism's role in organism–environment linkages;(2) utilizing …

The immeasurable complexity at every level of biological organization creates a daunting
task for understanding biological function. Here, we highlight the risks of stripping it away at …

We begin by giving away our punch line: A lack of physiological insight is the primary
impediment to the successful prediction of the ecological effects of climatic change. To be …

▪ Abstract Evolutionary physiology represents an explicit fusion of two complementary
approaches: evolution and physiology. Stimulated by four major intellectual and …

Historically, the discipline of comparative physiology and biochemistry has had two major
goals:(1) elucidation of mechanisms and their adaptative significance, and (2) …

Classical, curiosity-led comparative physiology finds itself at a crossroads. Major funding for
classical physiology is becoming harder to find, as grant agencies focus on more molecular …

Abstract The First Principles for Physiology originated in and emanate from the unicellular
state of life. Viewing physiology as a continuum from unicellular to multicellular organisms …

Systems biology is an emerging discipline focused on tackling the enormous intellectual and
technical challenges associated with translating genome sequence into a comprehensive …

Historical constraints of paradigms, approaches, training, and methodology currently prevent
the conceptual unification of ecology. They inhibit communication and collaboration …

Biologists are integrating studies of morphology, development, physiology, and other
disciplines in order to understand how species and lineages diversify and cope with their …