Heart failure is a progressive disease. The substrate for symptomatic heart failure may exist
long before the symptoms occur. Stage B heart failure refers to a condition in which the heart …

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is the final clinical manifestation of a variety of cardiac
(myopathies), coronary (atherosclerosis), and systemic diseases (diabetes, hypertension) …

Cell loss is a common feature in the failing heart, and this contributes to the relentless
progression seen in patients with heart failure. Apoptosis is one of the most common causes …

A defining cellular event in the transition from compensated hypertrophy to dilated
cardiomyopathy is cardiomyocyte drop-out due to apoptosis, programmed necrosis, and …

Apoptosis or programmed cell death is an evolutionarily conserved process of cell death,
wherein cells die without provoking significant inflammatory response. There is convincing …

A large volume of experimental data supports the presence of apoptosis in failing hearts.
Apoptosis in many types of cells results from exposure to cytotoxic cytokines or damaging …

Heart failure is not a disease but a syndrome representing the final outcome of a variety of
insults including coronary artery disease, hypertension, and valvular heart disease, which …

Despite all efforts in pharmaceutical treatment, heart failure is still a major cause of morbidity
and mortality worldwide (1). The fundamental mechanism that underlies the progressive …

Myocardial structural remodeling, a progressive, of-ten self-perpetuating process, is an
important marker of progressive heart failure. Myocardial cell loss, through any number of …

Despite all efforts in its pharmaceutical treatment, heart failure is still a major cause of
morbidity and mortality worldwide. 1 Within the past decade, we have witnessed …