Previous research on spatial memory indicated that memories of small layouts were
orientation dependent (orientation specific) but that memories of large layouts were …

This article examines the degree to which knowledge about the body's orientation affects
transformations in spatial memory and whether memories are accessed with a preferred …

Recent evidence indicates that mental representations of large (ie, navigable) spaces are
viewpoint dependent when observers are restricted to a single view. The purpose of the …

Two experiments investigated whether the spatial reference directions that are used to
specify objects' locations in memory can be solely determined by layout geometry …

Four experiments investigated the roles of layout geometry in the selection of intrinsic frames
of reference in spatial memory. Participants learned the locations of objects in a room from 2 …

Three studies investigated the factors that lead spatial information to be stored in an
orientation-specific versus orientation-free manner. In Experiment 1, we replicated the …

The present experiments manipulated the modality in which participants communicated
object directions (by pointing or verbal labelling) in a learned layout, and the mode in which …

Although some studies have shown that a single view produces an orientation-free
representation of place (CC Presson, N. DeLange, & MD Hazelrigg, 1989; CC Presson & …

Three classes of theories of the mental representation of spatial relations were tested.
Nonhierarchical theories propose that spatial relations among objects in an environment are …

Seven experiments examined the spatial reference systems used in memory to represent
the locations of objects in the environment. Participants learned the locations of common …