Humans are exposed to mixtures of chemicals, rather than to individual chemicals. From a
public health point of view, it is most relevant to answer the question of whether or not the …

A major objective of combination toxicology is to establish whether a mixture of chemicals
will result in an effect similar to that expected on the basis of additivity. This requires …

Some of the most challenging problems that toxicologists confront are determining how
biological effects of components in a complex mixture may interact, determining how these …

In this important reference work, Zeliger catalogs the known effects of chemical mixtures on
the human body and also proposes a framework for understanding and predicting their …

Humans are exposed to multiple chemicals on a daily basis instead of to just a single
chemical, yet the majority of existing toxicity data comes from single-chemical exposure …

It is now well-recognized that human environmental exposures are not to single chemicals.
Rather, humans are exposed, either concurrently or sequentially, to multiple chemicals …

This paper summarizes current challenges, the potential use of novel scientific
methodologies, and ways forward in the risk assessment and risk management of mixtures …

The most commonly used chemical mixtures risk assessment methods involve simple
notions of additivity and toxicological similarity. Newer methods are emerging in response to …

Humans are typically exposed to low doses of combinations of chemicals rather than to one
or two chemicals at a time, yet most of the available toxicity data provide information on …

Evaluation of potential human health hazards from exposure to chemical mixtures in the
environment presents one of the most difficult challenges for risk assessment as well as for …