Historical data show that recent climate change has caused advances in seasonal timing
(phenology) in many animals and plants, particularly in temperate and higher latitude …

Highlights•Variable insect phenological shifts alter synchrony and interactions.•Temperature-
sensitive insect development can account for variable phenological shifts.•Lab experiments …

Herein, we consider insects in the temperate zone where, in central and eastern continental
land masses, favorable summers are interspersed with inamicable, often lethal, winters. At …

Insects have distinct life stages that can differ in their responses to environmental factors. We
discuss empirical evidence and theoretical models for ontogenetic variation in thermal …

Many organisms have complex life cycles with distinct life stages that experience different
environmental conditions. How does the complexity of life cycles affect the ecological and …

Phenological shifts constitute one of the clearest manifestations of climate warming.
Advanced emergence is widely reported in high-latitude ectotherms, but a significant …

Temperature has dramatic evolutionary fitness consequences and is therefore a major factor
determining the geographic distribution and abundance of ectotherms. However, the role …

Among-population variation in insect thermal performance is important for understanding
patterns and mechanisms of evolution and predicting insect responses to altered climate …

The magnitude and ecological impact of climate change varies with latitude. Several recent
models have shown that tropical ectotherms face the greatest risk from warming because …

The impact of warming on the persistence and distribution of ectotherms is often forecasted
from their warming tolerance, inferred as the difference between their upper thermal limit …