Sex and gender differences in frequent diseases are more widespread than one may
assume. In addition, they have significant yet frequently underestimated consequences on …

Interethnic differences are important factors accounting for interindividual variations in drug
responsiveness. However, these differences in drug response have been a relatively …

The past decade has seen tremendous advances in our understanding of the genetic factors
influencing response to a variety of drugs, including those targeted at treatment of …

Precision medicine aims to offer “the right treatment to the right patient at the right time.” In
cardiovascular medicine the potential of precision medicine applies to all stages of the …

We all respond differently to drugs. Personalised medicine aims to improve efficacy and
reduce side effects, and efforts are being made to understand the physiological differences …

There are clear gender-dependent differences in response rates and the probability of side
effects in patients treated with chemotherapy. Sex-biased expression levels of metabolic …

Gender differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics have long been
recognized in animals. In humans, however, little attention has been paid to this field despite …

Pharmacogenetic factors operate at pharmacokinetic as well as pharmacodynamic levels—
the two components of the dose–response curve of a drug. Polymorphisms in drug …

Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is the most frequent cause of mortality among men and
women. Many epidemiological studies have demonstrated that premenopausal women …

Inter‐ethnic variability in pharmacokinetics (PK) has been attributed to several factors
ranging from genetic to environmental. It is not clear how current teaching in higher …