We discuss the evolution and composition of breast milk and briefly describe how
mammalian evolution resulted in lactation, which played a crucial role in infant growth and …

Critical advancement is needed in the study of human milk as a biological system that
intersects and interacts with myriad internal (maternal biology) and external (diet …

This paper resulted from a conference entitled “Lactation and Milk: Defining and refining the
critical questions” held at the University of Colorado School of Medicine from January 18 …

Human milk contains all of the essential nutrients required by the infant within a complex
matrix that enhances the bioavailability of many of those nutrients. In addition, human milk is …

Human milk is universally recognized as the preferred food for infants during the first 6 mo of
life because it provides not only essential and conditionally essential nutrients in necessary …

Objectives Human biological variation in the phenotype is the cornerstone of modern human
biology, evolutionary anthropology, and related studies of human evolution. Minimal …

Human biology follows recurring daily rhythms that are governed by circadian cues in the
environment. Here we show that human milk is a powerful form of “chrononutrition,” …

This chapter focuses on breast milk, breast milk expression techniques and implications for
diet and nutrition in infants. The use of breast milk expression techniques to maintain …

Decades of research have established that breastfeeding has multiple benefits for maternal
and infant health, yet much remains to be elucidated about the underlying biological …

Milk, as the sole source of nutrition for the newborn mammal, provides the necessary
nutrients and energy for offspring growth and development. It also contains a vast number of …