The cellular constituents of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) must make finely tuned, regulatory
responses to maintain microvascular homeostasis. The mechanisms by which this task is …

Microglial cells maintain the immunological integrity of the healthy brain and can exert
protection from traumatic injury. During ischemic tissue damage such as stroke, peripheral …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system
(CNS) that affects about 2.5 million people worldwide. In MS, the patients' immune system …

Background Older-age individuals are at the highest risk for disability from a traumatic brain
injury (TBI). Astrocytes are the most numerous glia in the brain, necessary for brain function …

The central nervous system (CNS) is now known to actively communicate with the immune
system to control immune responses both centrally and peripherally. Within the CNS, while …

Ischemic stroke is one of the leading health issues and the major cause of permanent
disability in adults worldwide. Energy depletion and hypoxia occurring after ischemic stroke …

Advances in stem cell biology have raised great expectations that diseases and injuries of
the central nervous system (CNS) may be ameliorated by the development of non …

Background Therapeutic modalities effective in patients with progressive forms of multiple
sclerosis (MS) are limited. In a murine model of progressive MS, the sustained disability …

Background Many lines of evidence suggest that accumulation of aggregated alpha-
synuclein (αSYN) in the Parkinson's disease (PD) brain causes infiltration of T cells …

In the CNS, no pathway dedicated to immune surveillance has been characterized for
preventing the anti-CNS immune responses that develop in autoimmune neuroinflammatory …