In recent years, the role of cancer immunotherapy has become increasingly important
compared to traditional cancer treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy and …

Finding effective treatments for cancer remains a challenge. Recent studies have found that
the mechanisms of tumor evasion are becoming increasingly diverse, including abnormal …

Cancer cells can escape antitumor immune responses by exploiting inhibitory immune
checkpoints. Immune checkpoint therapy, mainly including anti‑CTLA‑4 therapy and anti‑PD …

With the goal of harnessing the host's immune system to provide long-lasting remission and
cures for various cancers, the advent of immunotherapy revolutionized the cancer therapy …

The study of immune evasion has gained a well-deserved eminence in cancer research by
successfully developing a new class of therapeutics, immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as …

Recent progress in tumor immunology has revealed that tumors generate immunologically
restrained milieu during the process of their growth, which facilitates the escape of tumors …

Immune checkpoints within the tumor microenvironment (TME) play important roles in
modulating host antitumor immunity. Checkpoint-based immunotherapies (eg immune …

The expression of immune checkpoint molecules on T cells represents an important
mechanism that the immune system uses to regulate responses to self-proteins. Checkpoint …

Cancer immunotherapy has been a great breakthrough, with immune checkpoint inhibitors
leading the way. Despite the clinical effectiveness of certain immune checkpoint inhibitors …

The inhibitory regulators, known as immune checkpoints, prevent overreaction of the
immune system, avoid normal tissue damage, and maintain immune homeostasis during the …