Pathogen exposure elicits production of high‐affinity antibodies stimulated by T follicular
helper (Tfh) cells in the germinal center reaction. Tfh cells provide both costimulation and …

High affinity antibodies result from interactions between B cells and T follicular helper (Tfh)
cells in germinal centers (GCs). Recent studies have identified an effector subset of T …

Highlights•Tfr cells regulate humoral immunity, thereby controlling antibody
responses.•Roles of Tfr cells have been unclear due to lack of specific tools to study …

The generation of high-affinity antibodies (Abs) plays a critical role in the neutralization and
clearance of pathogens and subsequent host survival after natural infection with a variety of …

Germinal centers (GC) have been known as key anatomic structures in humoral immunity,
where isotype switching and affinity maturation occur. As a consequence, elucidation of GC …

Immunization leads to the formation of germinal centres (GCs) that contain both T follicular
helper (Tfh) and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells. Whether T-cell receptor (TCR) specificity …

T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are a subset of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells that form in
response to immunization or infection, which localize to the germinal centre where they …

It is well established that the generation of a high‐affinity long‐lived antibody response
requires the presence of T cells, specifically CD4+ T cells. These CD4+ T cells support the …

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a distinct type of CD4+ T cell specialized in providing help to
B cells during the germinal centre (GC) reaction. As such, they are critical determinants of …

Effective humoral immunity depends on the support of B cell responses by T follicular helper
(Tfh) cells. Although it has been proposed that Tfh cell differentiation requires TB …