The development of vaccines has always been an essential task worldwide since vaccines
are regarded as powerful weapons in protecting the global population. Although the vast …

Introduction As underlined by the late 2019 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome-
coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), vaccination remains the cornerstone of global health-care …

The emergence of a new coronavirus presents a huge risk to public health worldwide and
has spread widely amongst the human population. Since its emergence, the severe acute …

Inducing humoral and cytotoxic mucosal immunity at the sites of pathogen entry has the
potential to prevent the infection from getting established. This is different from systemic …

Abstract Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pandemic caused by the
newly emerged virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) …

ABSTRACT COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-
associated coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first detected in December 2019 and has …

The development and deployment of vaccines against COVID-19 demonstrated major
successes in providing immunity and preventing severe disease and death. Yet SARS-CoV …

There is a strong consensus globally that a COVID-19 vaccine is likely the most effective
approach to sustainably controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. An unprecedented research …

Based on mucosal immunization to promote both mucosal and systemic immune responses,
next-generation coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines would be administered …

The ongoing outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
has raised a grave concern and a severe global health burden. Since no effective drugs …