While immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of many types of advanced cancer,
most patients still do not derive benefit. The currently available immune checkpoint inhibitors …

Activating the immune system to eliminate cancer cells and produce clinically relevant
responses has been a long‐standing goal of cancer research. Most promising therapeutic …

Traditional treatment modalities for advanced cancer (radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or
targeted agents) act directly on tumors to inhibit or destroy them. Along with surgery, these …

The treatment of cancer has largely relied on killing tumor cells with nonspecific cytotoxic
therapies and radiotherapy. This approach, however, has limitations including severe …

The success of checkpoint inhibitors has accelerated the clinical implementation of a vast
mosaic of single agents and combination immunotherapies. However, the lack of clinical …

Immunotherapy has changed the landscape of cancer treatment. Checkpoint blockade
therapies unleash breaks in the immune system and induce long-lasting responses …

The clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibitors has highlighted the central role of the
immune system in cancer control. Immune checkpoint inhibitors can reinvigorate anti-cancer …

The immune system is the core defense against cancer development and progression.
Failure of the immune system to recognize and eliminate malignant cells plays an important …

Immune responses are regulated by an exquisite system of checks and balances that
enable effective protective immunity and tolerance. A number of immunological checkpoints …

The main breakthrough in tumor immunotherapy was the discovery of immune checkpoint
(IC) proteins, which act as a potent suppressor of the immune system by a myriad of …