The recent understanding of tumour heterogeneity and cancer evolution in response to
therapy has raised questions about the value of historical or single site biopsies for guiding …

The application of precision medicine in cancer treatment has partly succeeded in reducing
the side effects of unnecessary chemotherapeutics and in improving the survival rate of …

The development of new circulating-tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis techniques has led to an
explosion of studies demonstrating exciting clinical applications. Non-invasive genotyping …

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) consists of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragments that are
released from tumor cells into the bloodstream. ctDNA harbors cancer-specific genetic and …

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) derived from tumours is present in the plasma of cancer patients. The
majority of currently available studies on the use of this circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) deal …

Cancer cells shed naked DNA molecules into the circulation. This circulating tumor DNA
(ctDNA) has become the predominant analyte for liquid biopsies to understand the …

Highlights•Cell-free nucleic acids in body fluids contain tumour fragments that can be
profiled for prognostic and diagnostic information for the management of cancer.•cfDNA …

Genotyping tumor tissue in search of somatic genetic alterations for actionable information
has become routine practice in clinical oncology. Although these sequence alterations are …

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is tumor-derived, fragmented DNA that circulates freely in
body fluids, predominantly in the peripheral blood. Recently, ctDNA analysis has been …

Highlights•Less than half of the mutations in tumor samples matched with circulating cell-
free DNA (ccfDNA).•At the time of cancer progression an average of 3–5 new mutations …