Objective To determine if genetically increased serum calcium levels are associated with
improved bone mineral density and a reduction in osteoporotic fractures. Design Mendelian …

Objective To investigate associations between long term dietary intake of calcium and risk of
fracture of any type, hip fractures, and osteoporosis. Design A longitudinal and prospective …

We conducted a phenome-wide Mendelian randomization analysis (MR-PheWAS) to survey
health effects associated with high normal serum calcium. We found causal evidence for …

Background & aims Mendelian randomization (MR) studies have reported the causal
association between serum calcium levels and bone mineral density (BMD). The results …

Context The role of serum calcium in bone metabolism is unknown, even though
calcium/vitamin D supplementations have been widely used and are expected to improve …

Calcium is an important component of bone, and a sufficient intake of calcium is needed for
bone homoeostasis. Calcium supplements can reduce the risk of fractures in elderly women …

Calcium is vital to many biological processes, and serum concentration is tightly regulated.
Net calcium excretion must be replaced, but the amount of calcium needed has been …

Importance Serum calcium has been associated with cardiovascular disease in
observational studies and evidence from randomized clinical trials indicates that calcium …

Background Calcium plays a role in a wide range of biological functions. Here we conducted
a phenome-wide Mendelian randomisation (MR-PheWAS) analysis and a systematic review …

Calcium is widely used in conjunction with vitamin D to prevent osteoporosis. The use of
calcium supplementation is also promoted for its potential benefits in lowering the risk for …