Acetylcholine is a crucial neuromodulator for attention, learning and memory. Release of
acetylcholine in primary sensory cortex enhances processing of sensory stimuli, and many …

It has been suggested that the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) is engaged in the early stages of
motor learning for goal-directed actions, whereas at later stages, control is transferred to the …

The basal forebrain provides the primary source of cholinergic input to the cortex, and it has
a crucial function in promoting wakefulness and arousal. However, whether rapid changes …

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Animals acquire behaviors through instrumental conditioning. Brain-machine interfaces
have used instrumental conditioning to reinforce patterns of neural activity directly …

Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) project throughout the cortex to regulate
arousal, stimulus salience, plasticity, and learning. Although often treated as a monolithic …

The basal ganglia are known to influence action selection and modulation of movement
vigor, but whether and how they contribute to specifying the kinematics of learned motor …

Motor learning is accompanied by widespread changes within the motor cortex, but it is
unknown whether these changes are ultimately funneled through a stable corticospinal …

Cortical feedback pathways are proposed to guide cognition and behavior according to
context and goal-direction. At the cellular level, cortical feedback pathways target multiple …

The basal forebrain cholinergic system strongly influences both cortical plasticity and
learning. Directly relating these two roles has proven difficult. New results indicate that …